HPV Vaccine: Who Needs It, When to Get It and How Well It Works

Name: HPV Vaccine: Who Needs It, When to Get It and How Well It Works
Creator: Editorial Team
Published: 2026-09-20

The HPV vaccine prevents cervical and other cancers and genital warts. Learn who should get it, the recommended schedule and what to expect.

By Editorial Team · Updated 2026-09-20 · 2 min read

Hands drawing vaccine from a vial into a syringe — Photo: U.S. Navy Medicine · CC0

This article is awaiting review by a qualified medical professional.

Quick answer

The HPV vaccine protects against the HPV types that cause most cervical cancers and other HPV-related cancers, plus genital warts. It is recommended for girls and boys at age 11 to 12 (it can start from age 9), and catch-up vaccination is advised for young adults. It works best before any exposure to HPV.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection. Most people who are sexually active will have it at some point, and most infections clear on their own. Some types, however, can cause genital warts or lead to cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus, penis and throat. The HPV vaccine prevents these problems.

How well does the HPV vaccine work?

The vaccine is very effective at preventing infection with the HPV types it covers, and it can prevent the large majority of cancers caused by HPV. It works best when given before a person is exposed to HPV, which is why it is offered at a young age. It does not treat an existing HPV infection.

Who should get it?

Girls and boys aged 11 to 12 (the vaccine can be given from age 9)
Teenagers and young adults who missed vaccination, through age 26
Some adults aged 27 to 45, after talking with a doctor about their risk
People with weakened immune systems, who may need extra doses

Guidance varies between countries, so check your local schedule.

How many doses?

Before age 15: 2 doses, 6 to 12 months apart
Age 15 or older, or weakened immune system: 3 doses over 6 months
Some countries use a single-dose schedule, following WHO guidance

Is it safe?

The HPV vaccine has been studied extensively and monitored worldwide. Common side effects are mild: pain, redness or swelling at the injection site, headache and tiredness. Serious allergic reactions are very rare. Tell your provider about any severe allergies before vaccination.

Vaccination and screening

The vaccine does not cover every cancer-causing HPV type, so women should still have regular cervical screening (Pap or HPV tests) as recommended in their country. Condoms also lower, but do not eliminate, the risk of HPV.

When to see a doctor

Ask your doctor, nurse or pharmacist about the HPV vaccine if you or your child has not had it. See a doctor if you notice genital warts, unusual bleeding, or have missed cervical screening.

Frequently asked questions

How many doses of the HPV vaccine do you need?

Two doses, 6 to 12 months apart, if you start before age 15. Three doses are recommended if you start at 15 or older, or if you have a weakened immune system. Some countries follow WHO advice that allows a single dose for younger people.

Can adults get the HPV vaccine?

Yes. Catch-up vaccination is generally recommended through age 26. Some adults aged 27 to 45 may also benefit and can discuss it with a doctor.

Do you still need cervical screening if vaccinated?

Yes. The vaccine does not protect against every cancer-causing HPV type, so routine cervical screening is still recommended.

Sources

This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace advice from a doctor or other qualified health professional. See our medical disclaimer.