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Menopause and Perimenopause: Symptoms and What to Expect
Understand the stages of menopause, common symptoms such as hot flashes, and the options available to feel better.
By Editorial Team · Updated · 1 min read
This article is awaiting review by a qualified medical professional.
Quick answer
Menopause is confirmed after 12 months without a period, at an average age of about 51. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, sleep problems, mood changes and vaginal dryness, and effective treatments are available.
Menopause is the point when periods have stopped for 12 months in a row. It is a natural part of ageing, not an illness.
The stages
- Perimenopause: the years leading up to menopause, when hormone levels fluctuate. It often begins in the 40s and can last several years.
- Menopause: confirmed after 12 months without a period. The average age is around 51.
- Postmenopause: the years after menopause.
Common symptoms
- Irregular periods that become lighter, heavier, shorter or longer
- Hot flashes and night sweats
- Sleep problems
- Mood changes, anxiety or low mood
- Vaginal dryness and discomfort during sex
- Urinary symptoms
- Difficulty concentrating ("brain fog")
- Joint aches
Symptoms and their duration vary widely between women.
Managing symptoms
- Lifestyle: regular exercise, a balanced diet, limiting alcohol and caffeine, not smoking, and dressing in layers
- Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT): the most effective treatment for hot flashes. It suits many women but is not right for everyone, so it should be discussed with a doctor
- Non-hormonal medicines for hot flashes, mood or sleep
- Vaginal moisturisers or local estrogen for dryness
- Talking therapies such as CBT, which can help with mood and sleep
Long-term health
Lower estrogen after menopause increases the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease. Weight-bearing exercise, enough calcium and vitamin D, not smoking, and checking blood pressure and cholesterol all help.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if symptoms affect your daily life, if you have any bleeding after menopause (this always needs checking), or if you have very heavy or unusual bleeding during perimenopause.
Frequently asked questions
At what age does menopause start?
Most women reach menopause at around 51. Perimenopause, the transition before it, often begins in the 40s.
How long do hot flashes last?
It varies widely. Hot flashes commonly last several years and can continue longer for some women. Treatment can reduce them.
Is bleeding after menopause normal?
No. Any vaginal bleeding after menopause should be checked by a doctor promptly.
Sources
This article is for educational purposes only and does not replace advice from a doctor or other qualified health professional. See our medical disclaimer.
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